A https://thenewstack.io/category/kubernetes/ cluster generally consists of two classes of nodes: workers, which run applications, and control plane nodes, which control the cluster — scheduling jobs on the workers, creating new replicas of pods when the load requires it, etc. The control plane runs the components that allow the cluster to offer high availability, recover from worker node failures, respond to increased demand for a pod, etc.

(As opposed to an external etcd topology, with separate servers for the Kubernetes control plane and the etcd cluster).

To summarize Kubernetes control plane sizing and management: Run your clusters with three or five control plane nodes.

If a control plane node fails, remove it first, then add the replacement node.

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