A relational database management system (RDBMS) is great at answering random questions. A normalized data model represents the lowest common denominator for data.

Before the RDBMS existed, this required software engineering skills and a significant time investment to write the code required to query data stored in a legacy hierarchical management system (HMS).

Critics of the RDBMS quickly pointed out that the time complexity, or the time required to query a normalized data model was very high compared to HMS.

Normalized data models used by RDBMS solutions rely on cheap CPU cycles to enable efficient solutions.

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